Adolescents constitute a nation's core resource for national renewal and growth. Adolescence is a period in life when transition from childhood to adulthood takes place and behaviours and life styles are shaped. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), adolescence is the period which shapes the future of girls' and boys' lives. There are 28 million adolescents in Bangladesh; 13.7 million of them are girls and 14.3 million boys. The situation of adolescent girls in Bangladesh is characterised by inequality and subordination within the family and society. This inequality leads to widespread practice of child marriage, marginalisation or exclusion from health, education and economic opportunities, and vulnerability to violence and sexual abuse. In Bangladesh, the legal age of marriage is 18 for girls and 21 for boys. However, 33 percent of adolescent girls are married before the age of 15 and 60 percent become mothers by the age of 19. Research finds that adolescents with higher level of education and from more affluent families tend to marry at a later age. Boys, however, become ready for marriage only after several years of adolescence and young adulthood.

১.

Choose the best answer from the alternatives.

(a) What could be the closest meaning of the word ‘constitute’ in the first sentence?
(i) Take
(ii) Form
(iii) Add
(iv) Mark

(b) The phrase ‘take place’ in the second sentence stands for -
(i) occur
(ii) recur
(iii) go to a place
(iv) all of them

(c) The synonym of ‘affluent’ is -
(i) destitute
(ii) poor
(iii) poverty
(iv) well off

(d) What could be the closest meaning of the word 'core' in the first sentence?
(i) Alternative
(ii) Subsidiary
(iii) Central
(iv) Minor

(e) The phrase 'leads to’ in the passage refers to -
(i) results of
(ii) results in
(iii) results from
(iv) results to

(f) Adolescence is a ______ period from childhood to adulthood.
(i) constant
(ii) transitional
(iii) rigid
(iv) fixed

(g) The synonym of 'legal' is -
(i) illicit
(ii) banned
(iii) prohibited
(iv) lawful

(h) The word ‘economic’ can be replaced by -
(i) monetary
(ii) economical
(iii) cheap
(iv) financed

(i) The word ‘widespread’ mentioned in the passage means -
(i) limited
(ii) wide-ranging
(iii) narrow
(iv) minor

(j) The word ‘marginalization’ refers to -
(i) holding a lot of power
(ii) exclusion from full participation in society
(iii) boldness in decision making
(iv) having sympathy for others

উত্তর

(a) (ii) Form

(b) (i) occur

(c) (iv) well off

(d) (iii) Central

(e) (ii) results in

(f) (ii) transitional

(g) (iv) lawful

(h) (i) monetary

(i) (ii) wide-ranging

(j) (ii) exclusion from full participation in society

When adolescent girls are pulled out of school, either for marriage or work, they often lose their mobility, their friends and social status. The lack of mobility among adolescent girls also curtails their economic and non-formal educational opportunities. Moreover, they lack information about health issues. According to a study, only about three in five adolescents have even heard of HIV. It is also reported that more than 50 percent of adolescent girls are undernourished and suffer from anaemia. Adolescent fertility is also high in Bangladesh. The contribution of the adolescent fertility rate to the total fertility rate increased from 20.3% in 1993 to 24.4% in 2007. Moreover, neonatal mortality is another concern for younger mothers. While the situation for adolescent boys is somewhat better, many are vulnerable and lack the power to make decisions about their own lives. Many boys who are unable to go to school, or are unemployed, remain unaware of social or health issues. They are at considerable risk of being drawn into criminal activities. They are also more likely to get exposed to drugs and alcohol causing irreparable damage to their health and life.

২. Answer the following questions:
(a) Why are adolescent girls pulled out of school?
(b) What happens to a girl when she loses mobility?
(c) Who are more vulnerable to adolescent health problems- boys or girls? Why?
(d) What major problems do boys face during adolescence?

উত্তর

(a) They are pulled out of school either for marriage or for work.

(b) Losing mobility limits a girl’s social contacts, economic opportunities and access to non-formal education.

(c) The passage presents girls as more vulnerable overall, while noting that boys also face serious risks. Girls often lose schooling and mobility, lack health information and experience undernutrition and risks connected with early pregnancy and childbirth.

(d) Boys who cannot attend school or find work may lack information and decision-making power. They can face risks of involvement in crime and exposure to drugs or alcohol, which may harm their health and lives.

When adolescent girls are pulled out of school, either for marriage or work, they often lose their mobility, their friends and social status. The lack of mobility among adolescent girls also curtails their economic and non-formal educational opportunities. Moreover, they lack information about health issues. According to a study, only about three in five adolescents have even heard of HIV. It is also reported that more than 50 percent of adolescent girls are undernourished and suffer from anaemia. Adolescent fertility is also high in Bangladesh. The contribution of the adolescent fertility rate to the total fertility rate increased from 20.3% in 1993 to 24.4% in 2007. Moreover, neonatal mortality is another concern for younger mothers. While the situation for adolescent boys is somewhat better, many are vulnerable and lack the power to make decisions about their own lives. Many boys who are unable to go to school, or are unemployed, remain unaware of social or health issues. They are at considerable risk of being drawn into criminal activities. They are also more likely to get exposed to drugs and alcohol causing irreparable damage to their health and life.

৩.

Write a synonym or antonym of each word as directed.

(a) usually (synonym)

(b) illegal (antonym)

(c) demand (synonym)

(d) majority (antonym)

(e) maternal (antonym)

(f) mortality (antonym)

(g) mobility (antonym)

(h) curtail (antonym)

(i) unemployed (antonym)

(j) expose (antonym)

উত্তর

(a) generally
(b) legal
(c) claim
(d) minority
(e) paternal
(f) immortality
(g) immobility
(h) extend
(i) employed
(j) conceal

In recent years there have been many alarming reports that world's climate is undergoing a significant change. All these reports provide (a) ______ evidence (b) ______ world's temperatures are increasing day by day. This increase in global (c) ______ is caused (d) ______ increased amounts of carbon dioxide (e) ______ the earth. Most climatologists (f) ______ that greenhouse effect is the likely (g) ______ of this global warming. It may harm human (h) ______ seriously.

৪. Fill in the blanks with an appropriate word in each gap.

উত্তর

(a) clear
(b) that
(c) temperature
(d) by
(e) around
(f) believe
(g) cause
(h) life

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