Dreams have fascinated philosophers for thousands of years, but only recently have dreams been subjected to empirical research and scientific study. Chances are that you've often found yourself puzzling over the content of a dream, or perhaps you've wondered why you dream at all. First, let's start by answering a basic question : What is a dream? A dream can include any of the images, thoughts and emotions that are experienced during sleep. Dreams can be extraordinarily vivid or very vague; filled with joyful emotions or frightening images; focused and understandable or unclear and confusing. Why do we dream? What purpose do dreams serve? While many theories have been proposed about the reason and function of dreams, no consensus has emerged. Considering the time we spend in a dreaming state, the fact that researchers do not yet understand the purpose of dreams may seem baffling. However, it is important to consider that science is still unraveling the exact purpose and function of sleep itself. Some researchers suggest that dreams serve no real purpose, while others believe that dreaming is essential to mental, emotional and physical well-being. Next, let's learn more about some of the most prominent dream theories. Consistent with the psychoanalytic perspective, Sigmund Freud's theory of dreams suggests that dreams are a representation of unconscious desires, thoughts and motivations. According to Freud, people are driven by aggressive and sexual instincts that are repressed from conscious awareness. While these thoughts are not consciously expressed, they find their way into our awareness via dreams. In his famous book The Interpretation of Dreams (1899), Freud wrote that dreams are '...disguised fulfillments of repressed wishes.'

১.

Choose the best answer from alternatives.

(a) The word "fascinated" mentioned in the passage means.
(i) Unattractive (ii) ugly (iii) repulsive (iv) captivated.

(b) the word "puzzling" mentioned in the passage means.
(i) Witty (ii) genuine (iii) confusing (iv) enlightening

(c) The word "vivid" means ---
(i) dull (ii) weak (iii) Vague (iv) clear

(d) the word "unravel" mentioned in the passage means.
(i) Knot (ii) Disclose (iii) hide (iv) challenge

(e) The word "repressed" mentioned in the passage means.
(i) suppressed. (ii) inspired (iii) encouraged (iv) assist.

উত্তর

(a) (iv) captivated.

(b) (iii) confusing

(c) (iv) clear

(d) (ii) Disclose

(e) (i) suppressed.

Dreams have fascinated philosophers for thousands of years, but only recently have dreams been subjected to empirical research and scientific study. Chances are that you've often found yourself puzzling over the content of a dream, or perhaps you've wondered why you dream at all. First, let's start by answering a basic question : What is a dream? A dream can include any of the images, thoughts and emotions that are experienced during sleep. Dreams can be extraordinarily vivid or very vague; filled with joyful emotions or frightening images; focused and understandable or unclear and confusing. Why do we dream? What purpose do dreams serve? While many theories have been proposed about the reason and function of dreams, no consensus has emerged. Considering the time we spend in a dreaming state, the fact that researchers do not yet understand the purpose of dreams may seem baffling. However, it is important to consider that science is still unraveling the exact purpose and function of sleep itself. Some researchers suggest that dreams serve no real purpose, while others believe that dreaming is essential to mental, emotional and physical well-being. Next, let's learn more about some of the most prominent dream theories. Consistent with the psychoanalytic perspective, Sigmund Freud's theory of dreams suggests that dreams are a representation of unconscious desires, thoughts and motivations. According to Freud, people are driven by aggressive and sexual instincts that are repressed from conscious awareness. While these thoughts are not consciously expressed, they find their way into our awareness via dreams. In his famous book The Interpretation of Dreams (1899), Freud wrote that dreams are '...disguised fulfillments of repressed wishes.'

২.

answer the following questions :

a. what purpose do dreams serve according to the researchers?

b. define dream in your own words.

c. What is the difference between dream and nightmare.

d. what are the characteristics of Dream according to the passage?

e. what is the sigmund freud's theory of Dreams consistent with? what does it suggest?

উত্তর

(a) Some researchers think dreams serve no real purpose, while others believe dreaming is essential to mental, emotional and physical well-being.

(b) A dream is a series of images, thoughts and emotions experienced during sleep.

(c) Dreams may be pleasant, neutral or frightening; a nightmare is a particularly frightening or unpleasant dream.

(d) Dreams may be vivid or vague, joyful or frightening, focused and understandable or unclear and confusing.

(e) Freud’s theory is consistent with the psychoanalytic perspective. It suggests that dreams represent subconscious desires, thoughts and motivations, including repressed wishes.

In Bangladesh, the legal age of marriage for girls is 18. However, 33% of our girls get married before they are 15 and 60% of them become mothers by the time they reach 19.

When an adolescent girl gets married, she usually drops out of school and thus loses her mobility. She gets confined to full-time work in her in-law's household. She loses social status and all the opportunities of economic independence. In her in-law's house, she gets marginalized. She becomes vulnerable to all sorts of abuse, including dowry-related violence. In our country, it is still a common practice for the bride’s family to pay dowry. Dowry demands can continue even after marriage. An adolescent bride, even if her in-laws are supportive, faces enormous health risk during pregnancy and childbirth.

Majority of our people are uninformed or insufficiently informed about contraception and reproductive health.

This leads to increased mortality rates among adolescent brides during childbirth.

৩.

Read the following text and make a flow chart showing the situation of adolescent girls in Bangladesh :

Box	Content
1	Getting married early
2	______
3	______
4	______
5	______
6	______

উত্তর

Box	Content
1	Getting married early
2	Dropping out of school
3	Losing their mobility
4	Losing social status
5	Becoming marginalized
6	Becoming vulnerable to abuses

Education gives us knowledge and a set of abilities to function meaningfully in life, such as the ability to decide things rationally and make the right choices. As we learn how to read, write and do the basic operations of arithmetic, we gain a degree of self-confidence. We learn to think for ourselves and articulate our thoughts; we pick up skills to communicate with others and manage our affairs well. Education helps us think independently and make our own opinions. As we know more about the world, we appreciate the good things it offers us but also become critical of the deviations from the values it imparts and the rise of hatred or conflict that follows. The first thing education does is to give us an awareness about ourselves which leads to the development of our personality. As we begin school, we feel the need to belong to the class and make friends. We then expand our sense of belonging to include the school at large, our community and finally our country. Education thus prepares every child to become an active member of the community and work for its welfare.

৪. Write a summary of the following text:

উত্তর

Education is described as a transformative force that equips individuals with knowledge and skills essential for a meaningful life. It instills confidence, fosters independent thinking, and enables effective communication. The process includes learning fundamental skills like reading, writing, and arithmetic, contributing to self-awareness and personality development. Education expands one's sense of belonging from the classroom to the community and ultimately the country, preparing individuals to actively contribute to societal well-being. Additionally, education encourages critical thinking, leading to an appreciation of positive aspects of the world while fostering a discerning perspective on deviations from its values and the potential for conflict.

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