Nelson Mandela guided South Africa from the shackles of apartheid to a multi-racial democracy, as an icon of peace and reconciliation who came to embody the struggle for justice around the world. Imprisoned for nearly three decades for his fight against white minority rule, Mandela never lost his resolve to fight for his people's emancipation. He was determined to bring down apartheid while avoiding a civil war. His prestige and charisma helped him win the support of the world. "I hate race discrimination most intensely and in all its manifestations. I have fought it all during my life; I will fight it now, and will do so until the end of my days," Mandela said in his acceptance speech on becoming South Africa's first black president in 1994 ... "The time for the healing of the wounds has come. The moment to bridge the chasms that divide us has come." "We have, at last, achieved our political emancipation."
In 1993, Mandela was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, an honor he shared with F.W. de Klerk, the white South African leader who had freed him from prison three years earlier and negotiated the end of apartheid.
Mandela went on to play a prominent role on the world stage as an advocate of human dignity in the face of challenges ranging from political repression to AIDS. He formally left public life in June 2004 before his 86th birthday, telling his adoring countrymen : "Don't call me. I'll call you." But he remained one of the world's most revered public figures, combining celebrity sparkle with an unwavering message of freedom, respect and human rights.

১.

Choose the best answer from alternatives.

(a) What does the word 'emancipation' in the passage refer to?
(i) jubilation (ii) ovation (iii) liberation (iv) reception

(b) What does the word 'apartheid' mean in the passage?
(i) stratification (ii) socialization (iii) dissatisfaction (iv) discrimination

(c) What does the word 'democracy' mean?
(i) government by the people (ii) imprisonment (iii) autocracy (iv) anarchy

(d) What does the word 'reconciliation' in the passage refer to?
(i) reproduction (ii) reunion (iii) reconstruction (iv) repair

(e) What does the word 'celebrity' in the passage refer to?
(i) conservative (ii) star (iii) simple (iv) liberal

(f) F.W. de Klerk freed Mandela from prison in ______.
(i) 1993 (ii) 1994 (iii) 1990 (iv) 1963

(g) According to the passage, Mandela sought ______.
(i) gathering people from all countries around the world (ii) an end to apartheid while avoiding civil war (iii) fighting for independence (iv) breaking about unity among all

(h) What does the word 'decade' stand for?
(i) a period of ten years (ii) a period of hundred years (iii) a period of fifty years (iv) a period of ten months

(i) "The moment to bridge the chasms that divide us has come." ______ What is meant by 'to bridge the chasms'?
(i) to save people (ii) to mitigate sufferings (iii) to reduce difference between black and white people (iv) to remove pauperism

(j) The range of actions of Mandela encompasses ______.
(i) from national to international problems (ii) from social repression to cultural repression (iii) from cultural aggression to AIDS (iv) from political suppression to AIDS

উত্তর

(a) (iii) liberation

(b) (iv) discrimination

(c) (i) government by the people

(d) (ii) reunion

(e) (ii) star

(f) (iii) 1990

(g) (ii) an end to apartheid while avoiding civil war

(h) (i) a period of ten years

(i) (iii) to reduce difference between black and white people

(j) (iv) from political suppression to AIDS

Nelson Mandela guided South Africa from the shackles of apartheid to a multi-racial democracy, as an icon of peace and reconciliation who came to embody the struggle for justice around the world. Imprisoned for nearly three decades for his fight against white minority rule, Mandela never lost his resolve to fight for his people's emancipation. He was determined to bring down apartheid while avoiding a civil war. His prestige and charisma helped him win the support of the world. "I hate race discrimination most intensely and in all its manifestations. I have fought it all during my life; I will fight it now, and will do so until the end of my days," Mandela said in his acceptance speech on becoming South Africa's first black president in 1994 ... "The time for the healing of the wounds has come. The moment to bridge the chasms that divide us has come." "We have, at last, achieved our political emancipation."
In 1993, Mandela was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, an honor he shared with F.W. de Klerk, the white South African leader who had freed him from prison three years earlier and negotiated the end of apartheid.
Mandela went on to play a prominent role on the world stage as an advocate of human dignity in the face of challenges ranging from political repression to AIDS. He formally left public life in June 2004 before his 86th birthday, telling his adoring countrymen : "Don't call me. I'll call you." But he remained one of the world's most revered public figures, combining celebrity sparkle with an unwavering message of freedom, respect and human rights.

২.

Answer the following questions.

(a) What was Nelson Mandela determined to do?

(b) How did Mandela win the support of the world?

(c) Who is described “as an icon of peace and reconciliation”? Explain the reasons.

(d) “Don’t call me. I’ll call you.”—Who was the speaker of these words? What did he mean?

(e) When was Mandela awarded the ‘Nobel Peace Prize’? Why did he achieve the prize?

উত্তর

(a) Mandela was determined to end apartheid and secure his people’s freedom while avoiding a civil war.

(b) His prestige, charisma and determination to fight injustice helped him win worldwide support.

(c) Nelson Mandela is described as an icon of peace and reconciliation because he helped lead South Africa from apartheid to a multiracial democracy and sought to unite a divided society.

(d) Mandela said these words when he formally withdrew from public life in June 2004. He meant that he wanted privacy and would decide when to contact others, rather than being continually called upon.

(e) He shared the Nobel Peace Prize with F.W. de Klerk in 1993 for their work towards ending apartheid and establishing a peaceful democratic society.

The first thing education does is to give us an awareness about ourselves which leads us to the development of our personality. As we begin school, we feel the need to belong to the class and make friends. We then expand our sense of belonging to include the school at large, our community and finally our country. Education thus prepares every child to become an active member of the community and work for its welfare.
Education it is believed, releases our potentials and our inner strengths. It sharpens our intellect and develops our creativity. As we are taught to reason well and find solutions to the problems of life, we become productive members of society. Education by definition is progressive and liberal, teaching us to respect human diversity and cultural and religious differences. If all of us practise these values in life, the world becomes a much happier place.

৩.

Read the following text and make a flow chart showing the functions of education.

Box	Content
1	Making us aware of ourselves
2	______
3	______
4	______
5	______
6	______

উত্তর

Box	Function
1	Making us aware of ourselves
2	Developing our personality
3	Expanding our sense of belonging
4	Sharpening our intellect
5	Developing our creativity
6	Teaching respect for human diversity

Junk foods are processed foods consisting of high calories, but that is considered only as a broad umbrella. These foods are prepared in a way that they look appealing and are enjoyable so you are chemically programmed to ask for more. According to Dr. Sunali Sharma, a Dietician & Nutritionist, "Commercial products including salted snack foods, chewing gum, candy, sugary desserts, fried fast food, and sweetened carbonated beverages that have little or no nutritional value but are high in calories, salt, and fats may be considered junk foods. Though not all fast foods are junk foods, a great number of them are. For instance, a salad may be fast food but is definitely not junk food. Some foods like burgers, pizzas, and tacos may alternate between junk and healthy categories depending on the ingredients, calories, and process of manufacturing."
Frequent consumption of junk food increases the intake of excess fat, simple carbohydrates, and processed sugar which may lead to a higher risk of obesity and cardiovascular diseases, among other chronic health problems. The resulting obesity may begin clogging up the arteries and lay the basis for an impending heart attack. It has also been suggested that eating junk food affects the brain in the same way as consuming addictive drugs. An addiction to junk food may even result in the rejection of healthier food options like fruits, vegetables, salads, etc. leading to a further lack of nourishment.

৪. Write a summary of the following text.

উত্তর

Junk foods usually contain large amounts of calories, salt, sugar and fat but little nutritional value. Their appealing appearance and taste can encourage repeated consumption. Fast food and junk food are not identical: some quickly prepared foods are healthy, while others depend on their ingredients and preparation. The passage warns that frequent consumption of junk food may increase the risk of obesity, cardiovascular disease and other health problems. It also suggests that addiction to such foods may displace healthier choices and reduce nourishment.

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