Many children start bullying others without the knowledge of the consequences, not realising that their actions may be hurtful, as the actions often leave them with a feeling of authority over others. On the other hand, many children suffer from external trauma within their personal lives and tend to normalise crude behaviour within themselves, exerting their pent-up frustration on other children. Flipping the coin towards another perspective, many bullies have often been victims themselves. Mostly, bullies go on to suffer negative impacts further down the line. Issues in relationships with friends and family, difficulty coping with varying work environments, anxiety disorders, and many more problems may arise as they transition into adulthood. The victims of bullying, on the other hand, grow up with serious mental health issues, including depression, anxiety, inferiority complex, eating disorders, and loneliness. Moreover, bullied children may also resort to becoming bullies themselves. keeping the cycle going. Moreover, the counselling department of the school could also take initiatives such as organising workshops, conducting one-on-one sessions, and assigning a monitor among the students who would proactively address uncalled-for situations and inform teachers of them. Schools could also install complaint boxes which students can write to the authorities about any incidents that made them feel uncomfortable. To deal with such situations, students might also adopt a few strategies, such as standing up for each other, facing the bully in a group. and uniting against the bully to tackle him/her. As part of the development measure, they should be trained in groups from an early age to deal with such behaviour in a group.

১.

Choose the best answer from alternatives.

(a) What leads some children to channel trauma into bullying?
(i) strict parenting (ii) normalising aggressive behaviour (iii) academic failure (iv) boredom

(b) Which is a synonym of "crude"?
(i) refined (ii) tactless (iii) polished (iv) elegant

(c) What is the likely effect of victims turning into bullies?
(i) cycle ends (ii) cycle repeats (iii) harmony increases (iv) justice served

(d) "Initiatives" most nearly means -.
(i) postponement (ii) interventions (iii) refusal (iv) discouragement

(e) The opposite of "proactively" is —.
(i) reactively (ii) boldly (iii) attentively (iv) vigilantly

উত্তর

(a) (ii) normalising aggressive behaviour

(b) (ii) tactless

(c) (ii) cycle repeats

(d) (ii) interventions

(e) (i) reactively

Many children start bullying others without the knowledge of the consequences, not realising that their actions may be hurtful, as the actions often leave them with a feeling of authority over others. On the other hand, many children suffer from external trauma within their personal lives and tend to normalise crude behaviour within themselves, exerting their pent-up frustration on other children. Flipping the coin towards another perspective, many bullies have often been victims themselves. Mostly, bullies go on to suffer negative impacts further down the line. Issues in relationships with friends and family, difficulty coping with varying work environments, anxiety disorders, and many more problems may arise as they transition into adulthood. The victims of bullying, on the other hand, grow up with serious mental health issues, including depression, anxiety, inferiority complex, eating disorders, and loneliness. Moreover, bullied children may also resort to becoming bullies themselves. keeping the cycle going. Moreover, the counselling department of the school could also take initiatives such as organising workshops, conducting one-on-one sessions, and assigning a monitor among the students who would proactively address uncalled-for situations and inform teachers of them. Schools could also install complaint boxes which students can write to the authorities about any incidents that made them feel uncomfortable. To deal with such situations, students might also adopt a few strategies, such as standing up for each other, facing the bully in a group. and uniting against the bully to tackle him/her. As part of the development measure, they should be trained in groups from an early age to deal with such behaviour in a group.

২.

Write short answers to the following questions.

(a) What factors contribute to a child becoming a bully, as mentioned in the passage?
(b) How can bullying affect both the bully and the victim in the long-term?
(c) In what ways can the school counselling department help prevent bullying?
(d) What significance does the passage assign to collective student action in confronting bullying?
(e) Why should students be trained from an early age to respond to bullying collectively?

উত্তর

(a) There are different factors that contribute to a child becoming a bully. First they may not understand how their actions or words impact other children. Besides, children become bullies to exercise their repressed desperation and domination on others.
(b) Bullying can affect both those who bully and those who are bullied. Bullying results in many negative outcomes including mental health conditions such as depression, anxiety, inferiority complex, etc.
(c) School counselling department can help prevent bullying in some ways. Organising workshops, conducting one-on-one sessions and assigning a monitor among the students in order to inform the teachers of the unwanted situations, school counselling department can help prevent bullying.
(d) The significance that the passage assigns to collective student action in confronting bullying is to let the students understand social responsibility and the importance of standing up for themselves.
(e) Students should be trained from an early age to respond to bullying collectively so that they can face the bully or deal with such behaviour in a group.

World Health Organisation (WHO) identifies adolescence as the period in human growth and development that occurs after childhood and before adulthood. This phase represents one of the critical transitions in one's lifespan and is characterised by fast paced growth and change which are second only to those at infancy. Biological processes drive many aspects of this growth and development with the onset of puberty marking the passage from childhood to adolescence. The biological determinants of adolescence are fairly universal; however, the duration and defining characteristics of this period may vary across time, cultures, and socio-economic situations. This period has seen many changes over the past century-puberty for example, comes earlier than before, people marry late, and their attitudes and behaviours are different from their grandparents, or even parents. Among the factors responsible for the change are education, urbanisation, and spread of global communication.

৩.

Read the following passage and make a flow chart showing the characteristics and context of adolescence. (One is done for you.)

Box	Content
1	A phase marked by fast-paced growth
2	______
3	______
4	______
5	______
6	______

উত্তর

Box	Content
1	A phase marked by fast-paced growth
2	Rapid change, second only to infancy
3	Puberty marking the transition from childhood to adolescence
4	Biological determinants being fairly universal
5	Duration and characteristics varying with time, culture and socio-economic circumstances
6	Changes influenced by education, urbanisation and global communication

Say unto brethren when they see me dead,

And weep for me, lamenting me in sadness :
Think ye I am this corpse ye are to bury?
I swear by God, this dead one is not I.
I in the spirit am, and this my body
My dwelling was my garment for a time.
I am a treasure: hidden I was beneath
This talisman of dust, wherein I suffered.
I am a pearl; a shell imprisoned me,
But leaving it, all trials I have left.
I am a bird, and this was once my cage;
But I have flown, leaving it as a token.
I praise God who hath set me free, and made
For me a dwelling in the heavenly heights.
Ere now I was a dead man in your midst,
But I have come to life, and doffed my shroud.

৪. Summarise the following poem.

উত্তর

The poem starts with the speaker insisting that the body being seen is not his real entity, highlighting the temporal nature of the physical form. It clarifies that the 'corpse' his brethren see is merely a garment for a time, not the essence of who he was. His soul is a 'pearl' which is imprisoned in a 'shell'. Through the bird metaphor, the poet celebrates the soul's freedom from the limitations and sufferings of the world. The poem is a powerful reminder of the ephemeral nature of physical life and the eternal nature of the soul,

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