Dreams have fascinated philosophers for thousands of years, but only recently have dreams been subjected to empirical research and scientific study. Chances are that you've often found yourself puzzling over the content of a dream, or perhaps you've wondered why you dream at all. First, let's start by answering a basic question : What is a dream? A dream can include any of the images, thoughts and emotions that are experienced during sleep. Dreams can be extraordinarily vivid or very vague; filled with joyful emotions or frightening images; focused and understandable or unclear and confusing. Why do we dream? What purpose do dreams serve? While many theories have been proposed about the reason and function of dreams, no consensus has emerged. Considering the time we spend in a dreaming state, the fact that researchers do not yet understand the purpose of dreams may seem baffling. However, it is important to consider that science is still unraveling the exact purpose and function of sleep itself. Some researchers suggest that dreams serve no real purpose, while others believe that dreaming is essential to mental, emotional and physical well-being. Next, let's learn more about some of the most prominent dream theories. Consistent with the psychoanalytic perspective, Sigmund Freud's theory of dreams suggests that dreams are a representation of unconscious desires, thoughts and motivations. According to Freud, people are driven by aggressive and sexual instincts that are repressed from conscious awareness. While these thoughts are not consciously expressed, they find their way into our awareness via dreams. In his famous book The Interpretation of Dreams (1899), Freud wrote that dreams are '...disguised fulfillments of repressed wishes.'

১.

Choose the best answer from alternatives.

(a) When are the images, thoughts and emotion of a dream experienced?
(i) after sleep (ii) before sleep (iii) during waking hours (iv) during sleep

(b) When have dreams been subjected to empirical research?
(i) suddenly (ii) recently (iii) gradually (iv) drastically

(c) Sigmund Freud was a -.
(i) physicist (ii) neurotic (iii) psychologist (iv) palmist

(d) "Dreams serve no real purpose."- Who suggests it?
(i) some dreamers (ii) some saints (iii) some researchers (iv) some intellectuals

(e) What does the word 'consensus' mean?
(i) refusal (ii) discord (iii) agreement (iv) dismissal

(f) The word 'vivid' means _.
(i) dull (ii) weak (iii) vague (iv) clear

(g) What does 'empirical' in the first paragraph refer to?
(i) factual (ii) theoretical (iii) unobservational (iv) speculative

(h) What does 'baffling' mean?
(i) visible (ii) obvious (iii) confusing (iv) solved

(i) Which expression is closest in meaning to 'instinct'?
(i) artificiality (ii) scientific evidence (iii) a natural impulse (iv) a fake appearance

(j) The Interpretation of Dreams' is a -.
(i) biological book (ii) theoretical book (iii) detective book (iv) gothic book

উত্তর

(a) (iv) during sleep

(b) (ii) recently

(c) (iii) psychologist

(d) (iii) some researchers

(e) (iii) agreement

(f) (iv) clear

(g) (i) factual

(h) (iii) confusing

(i) (iii) a natural impulse

(j) (ii) theoretical book

Dreams have fascinated philosophers for thousands of years, but only recently have dreams been subjected to empirical research and scientific study. Chances are that you've often found yourself puzzling over the content of a dream, or perhaps you've wondered why you dream at all. First, let's start by answering a basic question : What is a dream? A dream can include any of the images, thoughts and emotions that are experienced during sleep. Dreams can be extraordinarily vivid or very vague; filled with joyful emotions or frightening images; focused and understandable or unclear and confusing. Why do we dream? What purpose do dreams serve? While many theories have been proposed about the reason and function of dreams, no consensus has emerged. Considering the time we spend in a dreaming state, the fact that researchers do not yet understand the purpose of dreams may seem baffling. However, it is important to consider that science is still unraveling the exact purpose and function of sleep itself. Some researchers suggest that dreams serve no real purpose, while others believe that dreaming is essential to mental, emotional and physical well-being. Next, let's learn more about some of the most prominent dream theories. Consistent with the psychoanalytic perspective, Sigmund Freud's theory of dreams suggests that dreams are a representation of unconscious desires, thoughts and motivations. According to Freud, people are driven by aggressive and sexual instincts that are repressed from conscious awareness. While these thoughts are not consciously expressed, they find their way into our awareness via dreams. In his famous book The Interpretation of Dreams (1899), Freud wrote that dreams are '...disguised fulfillments of repressed wishes.'

২.

Answer the following questions.

(a) Why do you think dreams have fascinated philosophers for thousands of years?

(b) How much has science been successful in explaining dreams?

(c) What is the difference between dream and nightmare?

(d) What are the benefits of dream?

(e) What does the expression 'disguised fulfillments of repressed wishes' mean?

উত্তর

(a) Dreams can be vivid, strange or confusing, and people have long wondered about their meaning and purpose. These unanswered questions help explain philosophers' fascination with them.

(b) The passage says that dreams are now studied scientifically, but researchers have not reached agreement on their exact purpose. Science is still investigating sleep and dreaming.

(c) A dream is an experience of images, thoughts or emotions during sleep. A nightmare is a frightening or unpleasant kind of dream.

(d) Some researchers in the passage believe that dreaming contributes to mental, emotional and physical well-being. Others think dreams serve no real purpose, so the passage presents differing views rather than a settled conclusion.

(e) In Freud's theory, wishes kept out of conscious awareness find fulfilment in dreams in a disguised or indirect form.

A group of college students were watching television news in their hostel. They were touched by the plight of the flood affected people in the Sunamgonj. All the rivers and water bodies there had overflowed their banks because of the onrush of floodwater from the hills beyond our border. Their homes, haats, bazars, shops and crop lands were under several feet of water. The local administration had rescued the people and accommodated them in schools that were on higher grounds. Villagers in the nearby areas were helping these people in all possible ways. Yet, ensuring drinking water, cleanliness and hygiene was a big challenge. The schools had toilets but these were clearly not enough. Seeing this situation, Ahmed, Swapan, Rakib and Niladri quickly decided to go to Sunamgonj and work for the flood victims.

৩.

Read the following passage and make a flow chart showing the plights of flood affected people. (One is done for you.)

Box	Content
1	Homelessness
2	______
3	______
4	______
5	______
6	______

উত্তর

Box	Content
1	Homelessness
2	Homes and markets under floodwater
3	Difficulty obtaining safe drinking water
4	Insufficient toilets
5	Difficulty maintaining cleanliness and hygiene
6	Having to take temporary shelter in schools

Spending may make us happy or unhappy depending on how and why we spend. When we spend money on things that we need and within our limit, it is good. When it becomes a compulsive behaviour, it makes life stressful. Unnecessary spending or spending beyond one's means has some bad effects. For one thing, it may lead to financial ruin or debt, and for another, it may create unhappiness within families. People who overspend are never satisfied with what they have. They always rush for brands, fashion items, designer clothes, etc. Over a period of time it becomes an addiction which may eventually create psychological problems.

৪. Summarise the following passage.

উত্তর

Spending on genuine needs within one's means can be beneficial, but unnecessary or compulsive spending may cause stress, debt and unhappiness in families. People who continually chase fashionable or branded goods can remain dissatisfied. Over time, this habit may become addictive and lead to psychological difficulties. The passage therefore distinguishes sensible spending from harmful overspending.

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