Dreams have fascinated philosophers for thousands of years, but only recently have dreams been subjected to empirical research and scientific study. Chances are that you've often found yourself puzzling over the content of a dream, or perhaps you've wondered why you dream at all. First, let's start by answering a basic question : What is a dream? A dream can include any of the images, thoughts and emotions that are experienced during sleep. Dreams can be extraordinarily vivid or very vague; filled with joyful emotions or frightening images; focused and understandable or unclear and confusing. Why do we dream? What purpose do dreams serve? While many theories have been proposed about the reason and function of dreams, no consensus has emerged. Considering the time we spend in a dreaming state, the fact that researchers do not yet understand the purpose of dreams may seem baffling. However, it is important to consider that science is still unraveling the exact purpose and function of sleep itself. Some researchers suggest that dreams serve no real purpose, while others believe that dreaming is essential to mental, emotional and physical well-being. Next, let's learn more about some of the most prominent dream theories. Consistent with the psychoanalytic perspective, Sigmund Freud's theory of dreams suggests that dreams are a representation of unconscious desires, thoughts and motivations. According to Freud, people are driven by aggressive and sexual instincts that are repressed from conscious awareness. While these thoughts are not consciously expressed, they find their way into our awareness via dreams. In his famous book The Interpretation of Dreams (1899), Freud wrote that dreams are '...disguised fulfillments of repressed wishes.'

১.

Choose the best answer from alternatives.

(a) The Interpretation of Dreams is a ______.
(i) biological book (ii) theoretical book (iii) detective book (iv) gothic book

(b) What does the word 'disguised' mean in the passage?
(i) hidden (ii) real (iii) genuine (iv) fake

(c) 'Puzzling over the content of a dream' ______ What does it imply?
(i) thinking deeply about the subject of dream (ii) thinking deeply about the condition of dream (iii) thinking deeply about the satisfaction of dream (iv) thinking lightly about the subject of dream

(d) What does the word 'consensus' mean?
(i) refusal (ii) discord (iii) agreement (iv) dismissal

(e) In which issue researchers differ a lot?
(i) dimension of dream (ii) purpose and function of dream (iii) hazards of dream (iv) essentials of dream

(f) When are the images, thoughts and emotions of a dream experienced?
(i) after sleep (ii) before sleep (iii) during waking hours (iv) during sleep

(g) Sigmund Freud was a ______.
(i) physicist (ii) neurotic (iii) psychologist (iv) palmist

(h) We may often find ourselves ______ during dream.
(i) perplexed (ii) sorry (iii) sad (iv) sadness

(i) Which of the following is true?
(i) There is a definite reason of dreaming. (ii) Dreams are a representation of conscious desires. (iii) Scientists have been researching dreams for thousands of years (iv) We are very often puzzled by the content of dream.

(j) The word 'cognitive' means ______.
(i) mental process of understanding (ii) process of music (iii) process of keeping good health (iv) process of developing thoughts

উত্তর

(a) (ii) theoretical book

(b) (i) hidden

(c) (i) thinking deeply about the subject of dream

(d) (iii) agreement

(e) (ii) purpose and function of dream

(f) (iv) during sleep

(g) (iii) psychologist

(h) (i) perplexed

(i) (iv) We are very often puzzled by the content of dream.

(j) (i) mental process of understanding

Dreams have fascinated philosophers for thousands of years, but only recently have dreams been subjected to empirical research and scientific study. Chances are that you've often found yourself puzzling over the content of a dream, or perhaps you've wondered why you dream at all. First, let's start by answering a basic question : What is a dream? A dream can include any of the images, thoughts and emotions that are experienced during sleep. Dreams can be extraordinarily vivid or very vague; filled with joyful emotions or frightening images; focused and understandable or unclear and confusing. Why do we dream? What purpose do dreams serve? While many theories have been proposed about the reason and function of dreams, no consensus has emerged. Considering the time we spend in a dreaming state, the fact that researchers do not yet understand the purpose of dreams may seem baffling. However, it is important to consider that science is still unraveling the exact purpose and function of sleep itself. Some researchers suggest that dreams serve no real purpose, while others believe that dreaming is essential to mental, emotional and physical well-being. Next, let's learn more about some of the most prominent dream theories. Consistent with the psychoanalytic perspective, Sigmund Freud's theory of dreams suggests that dreams are a representation of unconscious desires, thoughts and motivations. According to Freud, people are driven by aggressive and sexual instincts that are repressed from conscious awareness. While these thoughts are not consciously expressed, they find their way into our awareness via dreams. In his famous book The Interpretation of Dreams (1899), Freud wrote that dreams are '...disguised fulfillments of repressed wishes.'

২. Answer the following questions :
(a) What is the theory of Sigmund Freud about dream?
(b) How much has science been successful in explaining dreams?
(c) What are the benefits of dream?
(d) What does the expression ‘disguised fulfillments of repressed wishes’ mean?
(e) Define dream in your own language.

উত্তর

(a) Freud’s theory suggests that dreams represent unconscious desires, thoughts and motivations.

(b) Science has made only limited progress in explaining dreams. Researchers are still investigating the exact purpose and function of sleep and dreaming.

(c) Some researchers believe that dreams are essential to mental, emotional and physical well-being.

(d) The expression means that suppressed wishes find satisfaction in dreams in a hidden or disguised form.

(e) A dream is a series of images, thoughts and emotions experienced during sleep. It may be vivid or vague, joyful or frightening, and clear or confusing.

Education gives us knowledge and a set of abilities to function meaningfully in life, such as the ability to decide things rationally and make the right choices. As we learn how to read, write and do the basic operations of arithmetic, we gain a degree of self-confidence. We learn to think for ourselves and articulate our thoughts; we pick up skills to communicate with others and manage our affairs well. Education helps us think independently and make our own opinions. As we know more about the world, we appreciate the good things it offers us but also become critical of the deviations from the values it imparts and the rise of hatred or conflict that follows. The first thing education does is to give us an awareness about ourselves which leads to the development of our personality. As we begin school, we feel the need to belong to the class and make friends. We then expand our sense of belonging to include the school at large, our community and finally our country. Education thus prepares every child to become an active member of the community and work for its welfare.

৩.

Read the following text and make a flow chart showing the functions of education.[One is done for you]

Develops our inner strength → 2. ______ → 3. ______ → 4. ______ → 5. ______ → 6. ______

উত্তর

Develops our inner strength
Makes us self-confident
Helps us articulate our thoughts
Helps us form our own opinions
Expands our sense of belonging
Prepares us to become active members of the community

The famous Greek philosopher Aristotle said, 'Man is by nature a social animal.' What he meant was that man, by instinct, seeks the company of others and establishes relationships, much like most animals of the wild, for companionship and for physical and emotional support. Unlike animals, however, man's relationships give meaning to his existence and inspire him to do well in education, in the workplace, or in a profession that he pursues.

Relationships are of different kinds. Some are familial and intimate, formed by blood and by marriage; some are social like the ones we have with friends and some are made in school where we form close bonds with classmates and teachers. Relationships can also be fostered in the workplace, which may quickly change from professional to social. There are relationships also between human beings and animals, between children and their toys that they cannot part with. All these relationships keep us close to each other and provide us with all kinds of support, love, and affection. A person who has no family feels the pain of loneliness and isolation. There is no one to laugh or cry with him/her. When we share our joy with someone, it simply redoubles, and when we suffer a loss and someone shares our sorrow, it lessens. Relationships are thus needed for our emotional health.

To build relationships, we need to have trust and respect for each other, and love where this is needed. We cannot be selfish and possessive if we want to establish an effective relationship. But quite often we see people quarreling and fighting with each other which only brings misery and loss to all.

৪. Write a summary of the following text.

উত্তর

Human beings naturally seek companionship and form relationships for emotional and practical support. Family ties, friendships, school connections and professional relationships give meaning to life and encourage achievement. They provide love and affection, increase shared happiness and lessen sorrow. Isolation, by contrast, causes loneliness. Healthy relationships require mutual trust, respect and love rather than selfishness or possessiveness. Quarrelling damages these bonds and brings suffering. Therefore, maintaining positive relationships is important for emotional well-being.

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